In this article, as we observe the 76^th Independence Day of India, we will take a step back and dig into the Bengali Swadeshi companies. People with different backgrounds started these companies in Kolkata during the British era. Some are common household names, but we never consider when they started or by whom.

Swadeshi Companies Started in West Bengal

1.     Bengal Chemicals

Prafulla Chandra Ray, the father of chemical science in India, established Bengal Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (BCPL), formerly Bengal Chemical & Pharmaceutical Works Ltd. (BCPW), in 1901. The Indian Government now owns it. The story of this company started from a rented house in Kolkata to nurture the entrepreneurial spirit among the Bengali youth. Now it has three divisions – Industry Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals & Home Products.

Our regular products like naphthalene balls  & pheneol are some of the products of this brand.

2.     Boroline

Starting from chapped lips to burns & cuts, Boroline has been a one-tube solution for ages. It comes in a green tube with an elephant logo and can be found in most Bengali households from the onset of winter, if not throughout the year. In rural India, it’s also known as the “hatiwala cream”. But who started it? When the Swadeshi movement was at its peak, a Bengali merchant name Gourmohan Dutta launched the product. Today it also owns products like Suthol, Penorub & Eleen. To know more about Boroline and your nostalgia for the product, read our article The World of Boroline.

3.     Sulekha

In Bengali, Su-means good & lekha-means writing. Thus, giving the true meaning to Sulekha, the ink pot – good writing. Just pause, and think of your childhood – when you were first introduced to a pen, it was a fountain pen, not a ball pen. And that ink pen’s partner was no one other than the trusted Sulekha inkpot.

Another by-product of the Swadeshi movement –Sankaracharyya and Nani Gopal Maitra, both freedom fighters, started Sulekha in 1934 in the Rajshahi district. Sulekha suffered when people started choosing ballpoint pens over fountain pens, but now with a renewed interest in owning and writing in fountain pens, Sulekha has made a grand comeback.

Grab a Parker Fountain Pen at a discounted rate.

4.     Calcutta Chemicals Company

Remember the Neem soap Margo & the dark red packaging of the perfumed Aramusk soap? These, along with Chek Detergent & Lavender Dew Powder, are from the house of Calcutta Chemicals. On 28^th September 1916, K.C. Das, B.N. Maitra, and R.N. Sen started the Calcutta Chemicals Company as a pharmaceutical company. It was to make a mark against the British products and encourage the feeling of Indianization among the masses.

5.     C K Sen and Co. Pvt Ltd

The lineage of C K Sen and Co Pvt Ltd goes back to the time of Vaidyas (practitioners of traditional Ayurvedic medicines) when cosmetics didn’t need a special mention of “organic”. They were mostly “trees tales”, without the touch of commercialisation. Chandra Kanta Sen (C.K. Sen), who started this company in 1913, was from one such family of eminent ‘Vaidyas’. His business acumen motivated him to take the family knowledge to ordinary men. He started with Jabakusum hair oil and added other products like Basanta Malati lotion. The products are still available in the market, and the quality is just the same.

To know more, click here.

6.     K.C Das Pvt. Ltd.

Krishna Chandra Das, son of Nobin Chandra Das, who invented Roshogolla, started ‘Krishna Chandra Das Confectioner’ in 1930. He was the first sweet maker who pioneered making canned desserts in India in the pre-independence days. He invented Roshomalai and started selling Roshomalai and Roshogolla in vacuum-packed containers extending their shelf lives.

Craving for rosogollas already? Order from Amazon

Presently, the K.C Das Pvt. Ltd. Is known as K.C Das Grandsons and is regarded as one of the front runners of the Bengali Sweet making industry.

To Conclude

Swadeshi was not just a revolutionary movement; it was an emotion. As we get swayed by the aura of globalisation, at times, we must pause to contemplate the challenging journey of the Bengali Swadeshi Companies and the grit that helped them run their businesses for centuries. And which other time could be better than our Independence Day? If you know of some other products, share them in the comments box.

The post Pre-independence Bengali Swadeshi Companies, still in business appeared first on KolkataFusion.

Continued from Part 2

Listen to Karar Oi Louho Kopat by Dr. Ayan Samanta

If your non- Bengali friends think that you are engrossed in politics and criticizes you for bringing a political perspective to anything under the sun, they are not entirely incorrect! After all, Bengal had shown the path to political awakening!

Almost half a century before the birth of INC – Indian National Congress, Bengal was a honeycomb of political associations.

Bongobhasha Prakashika Sabha 1836

Founded by Dwarkanath Tagore in 1836, it’s perhaps the first political body of India and definitely of Bengal.

Zamindar Sabha 1838

Founded by Radhakanta Deb and Dwarkanath Tagore, it was open to all even though the name suggests only a class.  They used constitutional methods to compel the English to fulfill their demands.

Indian League 1875

Founded by Sisir Kumar Ghosh, it aimed to stimulate the sense of Nationalism and induce political education among the masses.

The Indian Association of Calcutta- 1876

Founded by 2 Bengalis, SN Banerjee and AnandaMohan Basu, it was an essential Pre-Congress political association of India. It was successful in creating a strong public opinion and unify the masses under a single political program.

Bengalis and The Indian National Congress

Conceived in 1885, The INC was the most significant political association of India until 1906, which marked the birth of The Muslim League. 

Below is the list of INC sessions held in Bengal or presided by a Bengali and was involved and some landmark decisions/actions were taken.

1906- Calcutta Session – Dadabhai Naoroji, the then president of the INC session, uses the word “Swaraj” for the first time in his presidential Speech.

1907- Surat Session- Congress splits and session presided by Rashbehari Ghosh was suspended due to rift the between the moderates and extremists.

1916- Lucknow Session- The famous Lucknow Pact between the Muslim League and The INC. This session also witnessed the comeback of the extremists into the INC. Ambika Charan Majumder was the president of INC at that time.

1917- Calcutta Session- Mrs. Annie Beasant takes charge as the president of INC – The first Woman President of INC.

1939- Subhash Chandra Bose became the president for the 2^nd consecutive term after defeating Gandhi’s candidate – Pattavi Sitaramaiya. Usually, Gandhi nominated the president of Congress without facing any objections – just a year ago, Subhash himself was nominated in 1938. By 1939 World Politics started changing too fast with the onset of the Second World War. While Gandhi advocated unconditional support to the English army in their war efforts, Bose argued that it was an imperialistic War where both sides fought either to gain colonies or to defend their existing ones. 

Rise of Extremism and revolutionary movements in Bengal

The Need

During the early 1900s, a new class of thinkers emerged around the nation who opined that a more aggressive and militant approach was required for political demands – a result of unsatisfactory outcomes and a sense of complacence in the moderate approach. 

The Onset of a structured movement

1905 witnessed a strong influence of extremism in the Swadeshi Movement. It was to counter Curzon’s decision of Partition of Bengal. Extremism brought in new forms of struggle during the Swadeshi movement. For example:

• Boycott of foreign goods,
• Innovative use of traditional melas and festivals,
• Active participation of students,
• Conventional middle-class women took active participation in processions.

Movement in support of this “Anti partition” program was held in various parts of the country and during this, Tilak evangelized a new start of the struggle for independence.  Extremism raised the level of patriotism from “academic” to “service and sacrifice for the nation”.

Revolutionary activities and organizations in Bengal

By the 1880s, Bengal’s student community was a mesh of secret societies though not active. In 1902 first time, two organized societies sprang up – 1 in Midnapore under Jyanendranath Bose and the other in Calcutta by barrister Pramatha Nath Mitra.

The one in Calcutta is better known as “Anushilan Samiti” – a branch was also set up in Dhaka- led by Pulin Behari Das.

Yugantar Dal- A subsidiary of Anushilan Samiti carried out several extremist activities in and around Bengal. E.g., Attempt to kill Sir Fuller – Lt Governor of East Bengal and Assam (after the 1905 partition).

Prafulla Kr. Chaki and Khudiram Bose

Prafulla Kr. Chaki and Khudiram Bose hurled a bomb at a carriage presumed to carry Kingsford, a notorious Judge posted in Muzzafarpur. However, it was occupied by Mrs. Kennedy and her daughter.

Both Khudiram and Chaki fled, the next day, Khudiram was arrested from Waini station, (present-day – Samastipur). A handcuffed Khudiram was brought from Waini to Muzaffarpur. The English daily, The Statesman, wrote on the following day, 2 May 1908 

The Railway station was crowded to see the boy. A mere boy of 18 or 19 years old, who looked quite determined. He came out of a first-class compartment and walked all the way to the phaeton, kept for him outside, like a cheerful boy who knows no anxiety…..on taking his seat the boy lustily cried ‘Vandemataram’.

When the Judge announced his death sentence Khudiram’s spontaneous reaction was to smile. The Judge, surprised, asked Khudiram whether he had understood the meaning of the pronounced sentence. Khudiram replied that he surely had. When the Judge asked him again whether he had anything to say, in front of a packed audience, Khudiram replied with the same smile that if he could be given some time, he could teach the Judge the skill of bomb-making.

Indian National Army – Origin and Rash Bihari Bose’s role

Rash Bihari Bose and Sachindranath Sanyal had set up secret societies in far-flung places like Delhi and Punjab. A young Rashbehari Bose fled from home twice to join the army. But, a martial race following the English army would not find a Bengali fit their boots! 

English remorse must have had no bounds for sure when they learnt this very young boy went ahead to establish an Army of his own in Japan- “The Indian National Army” that was handed over to Netaji in later years.

Rash Bihari Bose and Sachindranath Sanyal staged a bomb attack on Lord Hardinge – The Viceroy of India during his official entry to the office. And the extent to which Rash Behari Bose outwitted the British can be summarised from Lord Hardinge’s autobiography My Indian Years, in which he wrote:

“At Dehradun, when driving in a car from the station to my bungalow, I passed an Indian standing in front of the gate of his house with several others, all of whom were very demonstrative of their salaams. On my inquiry, I was told the principal Indian there had presided two days before at a public meeting at Dehra Dun and had proposed and carried a vote of condolence with me on account of the attack on my life. It was proved later that this identical Indian who threw the bomb at me!”

The Chittagong Armoury Raid

In 1930 Bengal witnessed by far one of the most daring raids – The Chittagong Armoury Raid. Master da Surya Sen was a teacher by profession and he led this mission under the banner of the “Indian Republican Army”. Kalpana Dutta and Pritilata Wadedar played pivotal roles in this mission.

Shanti Ghosh and Suniti Chanderi, 2 schoolgirls from Kumilla district shot dead the District Magistrate.

Conclusion

A century ago, Gokhale said about Bengalis, “What Bengal thinks today, India thinks tomorrow.” It was a perfect description of Bengalis. From Science to literature and even patriotism, in every sphere of life, Bengal was at the forefront. The revolutionary fire that had spread across India had originated in Bengal. Bengali sons such as Subhas Chandra Bose, Aurobindo Ghosh, CR Das, Rashbehari Bose, Masterda Surja Sen and many others of that age were the Kingpins of the revolutionary movement. Kazi Nazrul’s revolutionary songs, Bankim Chandra’s anthem, “Bande Ma Taram,” and Tagore’s “Jana Gana Mana” all became songs not only of Bengal but of all India. A hundred years ago, a young saint from Bengal went to a rich and powerful Western world and spread the glory of Hinduism in the stronghold of Christianity. He won universal acclaim from the delegates of the Congress of religion.

Listen to O Go Ma Tomai Dekhey Dekhey by Dr. Ayan Samanta

In an era when the sun never set in the British Empire, Bengal’s patriotism and courage sent tremors down the mighty British Empire.

Today, when every Independence Day comes as naturally as the turns of a clock’s hands, we Indians should always remember that our freedom did not come for free; neither was a single movement or a single entity that served freedom in a platter. It is the result of a collaborated efforts over a period ranging from a versatile pool of strategies and ideologies!

Featured Image: Rinki Chatterjee Mukherjee

Image Courtesy: Rinki Chatterjee Mukherjee & Souptima Basu

Video Courtesy: Paramita Mukherjee & Ayan Samanta

Audio Courtesy: Ayan Samanta

Happy Independence Day

About Annoy Sarkar

Annoy Sarkar, a pure Bangali from his heart and with a dire fascination for good food is genuinely in love with Bengal and its culture.
He works with CG and is a caring father of an active toddler. During his free time, he enjoys reading, binge-watching, and helping society in his small ways.

Disclaimer: The opinions expressed in this post are the personal views of the author. They do not necessarily reflect the views of KolkataFusion. Any omissions or errors are the author’s and KolkataFusion does not assume any liability or responsibility for them.

The post Role played by Bengal in the Indian Independence Movement (Part 3) – Rise of Political Awakening in Bengal appeared first on KolkataFusion.

During the reign of the later Mughals, when its confederacy started crumbling, Bengal was one of the first provinces under its reign that started moving towards autonomy. Gradually in 1717, when  Murshid Kuli Khan was appointed the Governor of Bengal by Emperor Fahrukhshiyar, he was practically ruling Bengal independently. However, Bengal’s loyalty was undeterred towards the Emperor.

Time passed by and British East India company started groping the motherland more as an administrator than just traders.  Murshid Kuli Khan was against the duty-free trade of the Company and issued an instruction to pay duties at the standard rate. Finally, Emperor Farukhsiyar released a Firman giving the English East India company exclusive free trading rights, the authority to mint coins and issue currencies from the Royal Murshidabad Mint.

Historians have termed Farukhsiyar’s Firmaan as the Magna Carta of the East India Company.

Calcutta to Alinagar

During the year 1756, Siraj – ud – Daula was ruling Bengal when he ordered the French and the English to demolish the fortifications of their respective trading centers in Bengal.  French abided while the English defied. As a retaliation, Siraj attacked Fort William and captured it within hours.  He renamed Calcutta to Alinagar in memory of his grandfather and the erstwhile Nawab of Bengal “Alivardi Khan.”

Betrayers within the home

Robert Clive had reached Bengal meanwhile. He was quick to realize that unless they had their own nominee in Bengal, English interests were not in Bengal’s safe hands- their most abundant of all the Presidencies.

The Company had vital commercial interests. Britain’s import from entire Asia consisted of goods from Bengal alone!  He conspired with the nobles rather kingmakers of Bengal that included Jagat Seth (perhaps the wealthiest Banker of India at that time), Rai Durlav and Aminchand against Siraj and place Mir Zafar as a nominee to the throne.

On 23^rd June 1757, the Company with 2200 soldiers confronted with The Nawab’s Army that comprised of 18000 cavalry and 50000 Infantry barring aside artillery. Victory would have been a natural progression of this had it not been for the treachery of the Nawab’s own nobles! History knows it today as the battle of Plassey.  The battle of Plassey had far-reaching consequences; it paved the path of British Imperialism all over India. Gradually, the Brits established themselves as the “real power behind the thrones.” 

Drain of wealth – the Plassey Plunder

Mir Zafar, the nominee to the ‘masnad’ of Bengal now had to pay an enormous amount to the English. Clives’ share alone to the booty was a staggering 3,34,000 Pounds. This initiated the “Drain of wealth” also known as the Plassey Plunder. Later Mir Zafar wanted to undo his acts upon realizing that he was converted into a mere puppet in the hands of the Company. Finally, in the Battle of Bedara in 1759, he was defeated.

Dual Government in Bengal

Mir Qasim – the next ruler in Bengal, was diplomatic and played his moves intelligently. He shifted his capital from Murshidabad to Monghyr (present-day Munger). He appointed the Europeans primarily the French in his army to acquaint his army with the European war tactics. Marcus and Sombre (Sumroo) played a pivotal role in this. 

Qasim knew if he objected to the English’s free rights, that would be devastating for his reign, so he abolished trading duties for all. This gave the indigenous traders an equal platform to offer competitive rates. However, this enraged the traders’ community of the English, and the Company decided to overthrow the Nawab.

Eventually, with the defeat of the allied forces of the Mir Qasim, The Nawab of Oudh and the Mughal Emperor of Shah Alam II, Robert Clive established the Dual Government in Bengal in which both “Diwani” – revenue collection and “Nizamat” – Law and order came under the control of the Company.

The Birth of the Zamindars

Over the years, the British established its supremacy in India with various Regulations and Acts with the sole objective of creating a centralized system of Power. Cornwallis’s permanent settlement in Bengal gave birth to a new class – “The Zamindars”, the revenue collecting agents of the East India company. It was decided that the Zamindars:

1. They would be the absolute proprietors of the Land assigned.
2. Revenue payable was to be fixed.
3. They would be evicted from the estates if they fail to deposit within the specified time

Points 2 and 3 above opened Pandora’s box for all Indians, including the Zamindars. No provisions were made for the peasants during famines or floods. The Zamindars feared eviction and hence perpetrated extortion and exploitation on the peasants.

To Be Continued in Part 2

Source: Compiled from various history books

Feature Image: Souptima Basu

Video Courtsey: Paramita Mukherjee

About Annoy Sarkar

Annoy Sarkar, a pure Bangali from his heart and with a dire fascination for good food is genuinely in love with Bengal and its culture.
He works with CG and is a caring father of an active toddler. During his free time, he enjoys reading, binge-watching, and helping society in his small ways.

Disclaimer: The opinions expressed in this post are the personal views of the author. They do not necessarily reflect the views of www.kolkatafusion.com. Any omissions or errors are the author’s and KolkataFusion does not assume any liability or responsibility for them.

The post Role played by Bengal in the Indian Independence Movement (Part 1) – Rise of British Paramountcy in Bengal appeared first on KolkataFusion.